KNOCK-KNOCK. WHO'S THERE?

            
We get an unusually high number of people knocking on our front door at all hours, considering the small size of our town.  It must have something to do with our proximity to the Patel’s Texaco station on Tomahawk Road* which is a service station in the most literal sense of the word for those residents of Traveler’s Joy* who lead challenging lives.  It is a check-cashing center for the bank-less and a grocery store for those lacking conveyances to the Food Lion at the edge of town.  (The only other market in town used to be the Piggly Wiggly on Tomahawk which was the first place I ever saw fatback being sold.  It closed in 2012 after thirty years in business.  As the manager explained at the time, the lease came up for renewal and the property owner wouldn’t budge on the terms.  “I’m fifty years old!  Why would I want to sign a lease for another thirty years?”)  
            The Patels have a lottery concern and they sell liquor in a little ABC alcove that reeks of incense.  They sell bait to Saturday fishermen, energy drinks to truckers, and gasoline to people passing through who don’t know that the prices are much better a stone’s throw away at Exit 102.  It is a way-station in the sense that it marks a pause between true destinations, a place where wayfarers lay over, hoping soon to be headed somewhere better.  People fill the exterior bins with their trash, and sometimes they dump their dogs there as well, those weary-looking bitches with their teats still hanging down that one sees everywhere in the unsentimental South, animals too disoriented to eat the food one offers them or to settle and rest.  God knows what’s been done to the puppies -- I don’t want Him telling me. 
            Humans get dumped there, too, as I discovered early one Sunday morning when an intoxicated woman knocked on our door.  She looked about sixty but was probably thirty-five, dressed in cut-off jeans and a tube top, scuffed nail polish on her toes.  She was already mumbling at me before I opened the door.  All I could make out was that she’d been ‘dropped off in town’ (translation: pushed out of a car at Patel’s once the fun ended for her companion) and was distraught over not being able to find her daughter’s house. 
            “My grandbabies are waiting!” she yells, but I can’t help her.  She doesn’t have a phone number or even a phone.  In fact, she has nothing on her at all – no identification, no money, no keys, and she’s too confused to tell me her name.  Her grandbabies may live in Traveler’s Joy, or in another town down the road.  They may have grown up and moved on since she was last sober. 
            I watch her walk stiffly back towards the Texaco and I’m thinking that the kind of man who kicks a woman or a dog out of his car far from her home, making her someone else’s problem now that he’s used her for what he wants, is the kind of man I’d like to see tied to the Norfolk Southern railroad tracks in the center of town – one ankle strapped to each rail with his feet pointing towards the oncoming engine.
           
Before we even had a door to knock on, when my husband was renovating the house with his friend Robert and was commuting to Traveler’s Joy every day from our place fifty miles north to lay the kitchen flooring, install cabinets and paint -- the Jack Russell named “Daytona” who lives next door used to appear on the porch to survey the work going on inside, sniffing the air suspiciously.  Then one morning my husband was on a ladder wielding a paintbrush when he felt a tug on his pants leg.  He looked down expecting to see Daytona, but it was a barefooted little boy, asking “Kin I have a Pop-tart?”  This child and his siblings lived in the house for several months before moving in with their grandparents nearby, and four-year-old Kaden* was still understandably confused about the arrangement.  Before my husband could answer, Grandpa showed up and shooed the youngster home.  I bought a box of Pop-tarts once we moved in and kept them in the pantry for a time, but the boy never returned and then they all moved to the country.
            The summer we moved to Traveler’s Joy, FK and I were thrilled to welcome our first official houseguest, a very old friend who, like us, had moved all over and was now settled in New York.  Annabeth* and I were in the front parlor at dusk when our conversation was interrupted by several loud ‘thwacks’ outside.  I opened the door and discovered a woman in a motorized wheelchair pulled up to our front steps, beating one of our wooden porch columns with a metal cane.  She was familiar to me: I’d seen her rolling up Limestone Street from her small house in the flood-prone flats of Baylor* Street numerous times, a reflective vest looped over the back of her chair to warn motorists.  She was tiny but her hands were as big and strong as a man’s – she could have cracked heads with that cane.  She seemed surprised to see me, making me wonder if she’d been looking for someone who lived here before us.  She didn’t say so, if that was the case.  She asked me for $40 to pay her light bill, saying her grown children needed their money for college.  She wasn’t especially courteous; in fact, the transaction felt more like a shakedown than a solicitation, but that might have been because she was trying to mask her embarrassment.  I didn’t have $40, so I gave her $4.  Strangely then, I was the one feeling embarrassed.  It was difficult explaining to Annabeth that we live where the neighbors beat on your millwork when they want money.
            Another neighbor, the elderly woman who drives her golf cart up and down the hills when the weather’s fine, claims that drugs are dealt out of the swampy environs of Baylor Street, but I haven't been able to confirm this.  Miss Connie does have a nephew who’s a deputy in the Tomahawk County Sheriff’s department and who supplies her with this type of information.  He’s the one she sent over to tell my husband to stop shooting at squirrels with a B.B. gun.  I’d already told FK he was being an ass firing that pistol and to cut it out before he hurt himself or blew my eardrums out, but the squirrels digging holes in the roof had finally spun him into a rage he couldn’t seem to control.  This is why men should never be allowed to have real guns.  At least, not unless they’re sheriff’s deputies.
            The next time a stranger knocked on the door he was accompanied by his entire family.  His wife carried a baby, while a boy about six and a younger girl clutched the man’s jacket as they walked behind him.  The young white couple had ruined teeth and their clothes smelled of cigarette smoke and mold.  He pushed a stroller ahead of them all; I leaned forward to see the infant nestled there but the buggy was half-filled with candy bars they must have purchased at the Texaco and which the man asked me to buy.  I don’t remember what I bought -- I only remember feeling so drearily sad for the entire family and especially the little boy who had stepped on to the porch to lift the knocker.  What I glimpsed in his wide, pale face was that he was old enough to feel the humiliation of grinding poverty but too young to do anything about it.
            One night someone knocked at our door so late we had already gone to bed.  I’ve told my husband not to answer after dark, but he can’t stand not knowing who is out there and what they need.  He was out on the porch a long time and I drifted off before he came back.  The next morning he told me of the strange young lady who had knocked on our door with an implausible story.  She told FK that she’d left her children sleeping in her car at the Texaco; that she couldn’t drive them home because she didn’t have money for gas.  Despite the fact that he was in his pajamas, my husband asked if she wanted him to drive her and the children home, wherever that was, but that made her irritable.  No, she snapped, she didn’t need a drive. She needed cash.  She said she’d been walking through the neighborhood knocking on doors, including at the house of our neighbor up the street with whom she has an acquaintance, ‘Mr. Scott,’ but he wouldn’t come to the door. 
Most of our neighbors on Kent Street are elderly and hard of hearing, but I can imagine that anyone else taking a peek out the window in answer to her knocking would have been dissuaded from opening the door by her appearance.  FK said she was a tall, coffee-colored woman with intensely bright eyes and wild hair frizzing out around her face.  The sense of desperation coming off her like steam was intensified by an odd air of haughtiness, a remnant of what may have once been justifiable pride.  It was as if she felt she shouldn’t have to be degrading herself before every stranger in Traveler’s Joy in order to drum up a bit of money. She demanded respect along with cash.
            Her story was shaky, my husband told me that morning.  The details changed slightly with each retelling of it, but there was no doubt her agitation was real.  He suspected controlled substances were the cause, and he did not give her the twenty dollars she asked for.
            Later, we heard from one of our neighbors on Limestone Street that she had knocked on his door, too.  She was no stranger to him, however; his daughter had gone to school with her.  Her identity was confirmed by a friend in town to whom we mentioned the incident in passing.  Like our neighbor, Sweeney* concluded from my husband’s description of the woman that it was most likely ‘Audrey,’ a person without fixed abode who lives off and on in a low-slung collection of damp structures beside Doolittle Creek that offers Section 8 housing to the poorest members of the community.  Sweeney attended high school with Audrey, and he claims that at eighteen she was the most beautiful girl anyone had ever seen.  (As I heard another Carolinian say once in describing a pretty woman: “she was as purty as a speckled hound in a Tennessee field.”)  Her mother, who was white, was a hard-working nurse “and a good Christian woman,” as our friend attests, but Audrey didn’t know her black father.  He said everyone thought it a terrible shame that Audrey fell in with some bad people after high school and was soon addicted to drugs, mostly prescription pills.  Over time, she lost her looks.  Then, one by one, she lost the children she bore to foster care.  She occasionally goes on a tear when she’s run her usual sources dry, he explained, and goes knocking on doors until she’s scared up enough cash to see her through the night.
            There are mythic elements in this tale that take root in my imagination and won’t be brushed off.  A beautiful girl, born innocent but doomed, is fated to wander the streets of a cold-hearted town in the grip of an evil spell.  She knocks and knocks, searching for the miracle of redemption that will lift the curse and return her to her family.  Whole again.  Cleansed.  Loved. 
          It happens in fairy tales but seldom in life, I fear, where endings are too often grim.
            When I’ve passed along some of these stories to friends they ask me why we don’t stop answering the door.  At the least, they say, don’t leave the wooden door propped open during the day and only the glass storm door on the latch.  But I worry that if I do that, I’ll close off the chance of making good connections.  There are the church ladies who come by in sunny weather, selling a religion I can’t use but sowing plenty of good will, the Cub Scouts collecting canned food, the candidates for sheriff and councilman, and most welcomed of all, the neighbors I’ve come to think of as friends, individuals who represent close links to the town’s present pulse as well as its past glories.  There’s Steve, with his gifts of raspberries and seed catalogues and his calming, easygoing manner, and Miss Ramona,* who, before she broke her arm this winter and took a long time mending, used to amble down the sidewalk on fine evenings to pat Miss Billie on the head and view the garden, telling me about growing up on the farm as “Baby,” her father’s favorite.
            Shortly after Miss R. got out of the hospital, her family gathered in her little house on Kent for Sunday dinner.  Rain was pouring down on that cold afternoon, so I was reluctant to answer the door when the knocker sounded.  FK opened it and called me to come out.  Miss R.’s grown son Philip* introduced himself, shaking the rain off his hat, and pointed to the small brown dog shivering at his feet, soaked through so fully she looked like a muskrat.  “She’s been running around the backyard the whole time we ate dinner.  Mama sent me down here because she thought it might be yours.”
            The next time I saw Philip was six months later, on a scorching June day.  He’d been at his mother’s house picking up some things for her, and pulled the truck over to talk on his way out of town.  When he spied Tiny Alice standing on her hind legs with her paws against the garden gate, several pounds heavier and a good deal happier, he beamed from ear to ear.  “I knew she’d make a nice little dog for y’all!” he crowed. 
            I was thinking:  your mama knew, for sure.  She knew we’d open that door if you knocked.
####


            

LIFE'S A PEACH

The summer's first crop of peaches at the Peach Tree Orchards fruit stand in York, SC
            Craving fresh peaches, we drove to the Peach Tree Orchards fruit stand on the Filbert Highway between Clover and York.  This was the last day of May, so I feared we’d be too early, but our timing was perfect.  As owner Ben Smith explained to us, the Flavorich peaches set out in baskets to be sold that day constituted the first crop of the season.  They had been picked in his fields that morning.
            Given my love of food, it’s not surprising that one of my earliest memories is salvaged from a fruit-picking expedition I participated in when I was barely old enough to walk.  This is a memory of toddling after my older sisters through a blackberry thicket.  I was barefoot, a rare occasion of freedom, I believe, rather than neglect, and it was heavenly to feel the dust on my feet and the summer sun baking my head.  Someone encouraged me to pluck a berry from the cane and eat it.  That first gustatory experience of a sun-ripened blackberry coated lightly with dust dissolving into sweet, dark bliss on my tongue was so profoundly pleasurable that no meal eaten since has rivaled it.
            Eating a field-ripened South Carolina peach comes pretty close.  I keep the Peach Tree’s crop calendar posted on my refrigerator, and in the heart of the season my husband and I make the trip there as often as we can to buy half-bushels of the cling varieties, Flavorich and Ruby Prince (which ripen in June), the July-ripening freestones like Contender and Loring, and the August beauties that are some of my favorites, such as Flame Prince, Big Red, and Monroe.  Certain connoisseurs prefer the subtler flavor of white varieties like White Lady and Early Belle, but when I eat a fresh peach I’m not looking for ‘subtle.’  I want that same, sensory-overload explosion of flavor and sticky juice I experienced as a fruit-picking toddler, and when it comes to the yellow peaches of York County, the greedy child in me is usually satisfied.
            Peaches can be easily frozen by peeling and slicing them, placing the slices in a single layer on a cookie sheet and putting the sheet in the freezer briefly.  Once the slices are frozen, they can be removed from the sheet and returned to the freezer in a labeled plastic freezer bag; this way you’ll be able to remove the slices as you need them, rather than having to defrost the whole bag.  They’re much better used fresh, of course, and whenever we have company coming mid-summer I bake a fruit crisp pairing ripe peach slices with blackberries, covered with an oatmeal-butter-brown sugar crust and served warm with vanilla ice cream.  That dish is perfect for the two-year-olds in everyone.
            When shopping at The Peach Stand I often pick up a six-pack of the locally made Blenheim ginger ale my husband’s so fond of.  (Warning: the bottles with the red caps are ‘extra hot’ – if you chug one, stand clear of innocent bystanders who may be harmed by the steam blasting out your ears.)  Meanwhile, he gets in line at the ice cream counter for the peach milkshake and buys a cone for me.  Then we carry our treasures across Philbeck Road, where peach fields stretch away to the horizon, and settle at one of the picnic tables sheltered by a giant willow oak.  The oak’s shade is essential by August, but whenever one is eating a fresh peach (or peach ice cream) the heat feels like a necessary part of the experience.

            I think summer memories are durable because they involve so many of life’s simplest pleasures. Those delights don’t go out of fashion, no matter if you’re two years old or ninety-two.  I hope to make it to the latter age clutching a ripe peach in my hand.
###
The Peachoid, a water tower in Gaffney SC, is an homage
 to the region's major agricultural export


 

ROSES IN THE SOUTHERN GARDEN

Rosa 'Veilchenblau' ('Blue-Violet') blooms on
an arbor

            
          The roses are blooming in Traveler’s Joy*.  Every year I suspect them of tarrying, but when I check bloom dates for previous years in my Garden Log, they’re always flowering on schedule.  Peak bloom time for these beauties is the third and fourth week of May, coinciding with my mother’s birthday and with the first whiff of honeysuckle spilling out of the woods on our eastern boundary.  It’s my own impatience that deceives me – impatience that’s forgotten once I am fully engulfed by fragrant, downy, damask-petaled perfection.    
            Not all roses are created equal, as every gardener who has struggled with thrips and blackspot knows.  Over the years I’ve documented the performances as well as the bloom dates of many plants in my Carolina gardens, with especially keen observation being directed at roses, considering how much care they require and how prominently they feature in the landscape.  Since 1996 I’ve been evaluating rose types and cultivars for resistance to blackspot, thrips and Japanese beetles.  With my nascent awareness of better environmental practices developing as I gardened and learned, I also began grading roses for their hardiness in our heat zone and their ability to stay healthy with only an occasional spritz of insecticidal soap. 

The fragrant climbing rose, R. 'Celestine Forestier' is a
noisette rose.  Noisettes originated in Charleston, S.C.
Those varieties whose blooms are transformed into beetle-coated lollipops every June, or who languish in fragile health lacking massive infusions of pesticides, have been exiled.  That includes a small purple-flowered hybrid I couldn’t resist (but should have), called ‘Midnight Blue,’ virtually all modern teas, and most of the so-called ‘English roses’ which are no doubt ravishing in British gardens, where summers are cooler and winters milder than in the continental U.S. and where the soil pH tends to be higher than in our acidic Carolina clay, but which struggle in our long southern seasons of brutal heat and high humidity that have more in common with Kowloon than Cornwall.

            What I’ve discovered over the years of tending, treating and admiring roses – and you’re going to wonder how anyone could be so dull-witted when the obvious truth was staring her right in the face – is that those roses which perform most reliably in my South Carolina garden are those that have been growing successfully in southern gardens for generations.  Noisettes, for instance, those heat-loving climbers with blooms like frilly petticoats, originated in Charleston in the early 19th century, and the noisette rose ‘Celestine Forestier’ which I planted three years ago in my garden on Kent* Street has grown vigorously on my fence with little fuss.
From l to r:  Ninebark 'Coppertina,'
R. 'Veilchenblau' & R. 'Mme. Alfred Carriere'
             R. ‘Madame Alfred Carriere’ is a divinely fragrant and vigorous noisette climber whose pale, blush-colored flowers are the first to open in my garden.  I am training that rose on an arbor, not having a 17th century stone wall for it to clamber on, as the specimen at Sissinghurst does.  (On that subject, my husband is so tired of hearing me say “one just like that grows at Sissinghurst” that he has banned the ‘S’ word from conversation, along with the other ‘S’ word – “Sackville-West.”  This is how gardeners bore the bleep out of their non-gardening spouses…)
            It rubs shoulders with ‘Veilchenblau,’ the blue-violet rambler initially brought to Texas by German settlers, which I grow in a sunny, well-drained bed designated specifically for roses and iris.  ‘Veilchenblau’ strikes an intensely romantic note in the May garden, its profusion of bloom clusters opening to bright cerise flowers that gradually fade to the color of old denim.  You must bury your face in the flowers to detect the scent (something I’m not ashamed to do), which evokes clean linen drying on a line. 
            Through my log notes I also determined that those roses which do best are own-root roses, meaning roses propagated from cuttings rather than those which have been grafted on to rootstocks.  It’s been convenient living within an hour’s drive of Laurens, where the own-root nursery Roses Unlimited is located.  This mail-order nursery holds Open Houses for the public in April and May.  When I was developing this garden I made the pilgrimage there several times to pick up gallon-sized plants of old favorites I left behind in my last garden, as well as new varieties I wanted to try. 
R. palustris scandens, the swamp rose, is worth the space it requires.
Use it to bring color and architectural interest to a damp spot

            The native swamp rose, Rosa palustris scandens, with its bright pink single flowers, was one of the species roses I had enjoyed before and needed to have back in my life.  Its fountain-shaped habit of arching branches is favored by birds who like to swing up and down while waiting their turns at the birdbath. 
            Another favorite is R. ‘Buff Beauty,’ a vintage musk rose.  This floriferous pillar is slowly climbing the arbor that shades the gate to my vegetable garden, where it mingles with the black muscadine grapevine ‘Noble.’ ‘Buff Beauty’ displays blossoms of rich apricot gradually fading to honey.  The flowers have a splendid citrus fragrance.
R. 'Buff Beauty' is richly
fragrant.
            On my last trip to R.U. I also bought an old-fashioned hybrid perpetual, another Frenchman to keep company with Mme. Carriere.  Since R. ‘Souvenir du Docteur Jamain’ is reportedly tolerant of shade, I sited it in the raised southern bed, which is partially shaded by a mature dogwood in summer.  (This rose also grows in the ‘S’ garden across the pond, where it was a favorite of the ‘S’ woman, whose name I may not utter aloud.)  It’s still early days, but after two years in the ground the doctor dazzled us this month with voluptuous, claret-colored flowers.  The cabbage roses are the texture of crushed velvet, with swoon-inducing perfume.  With a companion planting of airy evening primrose growing at its feet, this rose is a stunner.

R. 'Souvenir du Dr. Jamain'
is a stunner.

            I’ve experimented with a variety of organic fertilizers for my roses, because they are heavy feeders in any soil.  I think I’ve finally stumbled on a keeper, originally recommended by Paul Zimmerman, the writer, rosarian and former owner of an excellent rose nursery in Landrum, S.C., that has since closed.  Zimmerman sold a line of roses developed by British rosarian Peter Beale, who also produces an organic line of rose mixes.  It wasn’t until I walked into a garden store in February and saw a bag of the P.B. Good Day Roses rose food formula for spring and summer that I decided to give it a try.  The results this May have been extraordinary – I’ve been treated to frothy masses of bloom, with shrubs that formerly wore a tasteful modicum of flowers now decked out like parade floats.   This fertile mixture of chicken manure, worm castings, cottonseed meal and other ingredients is distributed by Organic Plant Health right here in the Carolinas. 
The old polyantha rose, R. 'Perle d'Or,' thrives with very little care.

            While I’m fond of all the plants in my garden, the roses present themselves to me as distinct personalities.  This is probably because so many of them bear the names of real people, but I think it’s also due to the fact that roses, like children, demand conscious and specialized nurturing, rewarding their caregivers with a joy that can’t be quantified.  I try to be level-headed about my attachment to them, but I’m sometimes reminded uncomfortably of my dear mother’s relationship with the hedge of leggy, nameless shrub roses that lined the path to her front door.
 
R. 'Celestine Forestier' blooms a second time in the fall

            Near the end of her stay in that house I was visiting M. J. with the motive of keeping her increasingly disordered environment from spiraling out of control. Since I could at least have an effect on the outdoors, I traveled there with my shears, shovel and pruning saw, hacking away at the long grass and vines and cutting back the low-hanging branches of trees that had gradually crowded together until the rooms of the house were cast in permanent shadow.  I tried repeatedly to prune the roses, whose thorns tore at your clothes whenever you entered or exited the front door, but Mommy always made an excuse for why that job could wait.  Finally one day I asked her why she didn’t want me to cut them back.  She patted the nearest one, thorns and all, saying, “They work so hard for me.  I can’t bear to hurt them.”

The sole David Austin English Rose
I allow myself to possess
(having had my heart broken by short-lived
Brits too many times before) is the
fragrant R. 'Jude the Obscure.'  In bloom, he is
anything but.

            
         A certain amount of detachment is healthy, I remind myself – for the gardener as much as for the roses.  But who could be blamed for favoring these beautiful belles of the mixed border?  On a scented May morning, they’re all we have eyes for.

###
Note: 4/6/14 -- since posting this entry I've learned that OPH, Organic Plant Health, abruptly closed down operations, and their line of plant foods are no longer available.  I'm still trying to find a substitute, without much success.  Please let me know with a 'Comment' if you can recommend an organic rose food  that works for you.
RESOURCES
www.rosesunlimitedownroot.com  This place outside Laurens is a bit hard to find, so take a Google map along. 
www.nationaltrust.org.uk/sissinghurst-castle I still dream of visiting this fabled English garden, someday…
www.paulzimmermanroses.com  Zimmerman offers expert advice on the care and feeding of roses through the gardeners’ forum on his website.

BEE AWARE



To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee,
One clover, and a bee,
And revery.
The revery alone will do,
If bees are few.
                  --  Emily Dickinson, 1862 (?)

Reverie is a mighty tool if you’re a gifted poet with a fertile imagination, as Miss Dickinson was.  For the rest of us, however, making a prairie, or even a productive garden, requires pollinators.
What concerns me this spring is that there are so few bees visiting the garden.  I didn’t spy a single bee buzzing around the scant pink blossoms on our young ‘Arkansas Black’ apple tree, nor did I see bees anywhere near the two old apple trees in the neighboring meadow that are smothered with blossoms in the waning days of April.
 
All of us who garden seriously know something by now about colony collapse disorder, or CCD, a long name given to the catastrophic trend first noted about ten years ago of honeybees disappearing from our environment.  This trend coincided, tellingly, with the widespread use of a new class of pesticides known as neonicotinoids, (or “neonics,” for short) which have come to be used on up to 90% of this country’s corn, canola and soy crops and have been used extensively in Europe.  Unlike older classes of pesticides, which were sprayed on crops and which dissipated after a week or two, neonics are systemic insecticides, meaning that they are applied as a coating on plant seeds and are expressed through the dust, pollen and nectar of the treated plant, effectively poisoning any insect that forages on it.
In addition to suffering debilitating symptoms like tremors and convulsions, worker bees exposed to treated crops may experience navigational impairment, meaning they can’t find their way back to their hives.  (And without worker bees, the queen bee starves and dies.)  Those who do return to the colony may bring lethal doses of the poison in their pollen stores, stores which several generations in the colony could then feed on for an entire season .  Bret Adee owns Adee Honey Farms of South Dakota, the largest commercial beekeeper in the U.S., and lost 55% of his bee colonies between spring 2012 and March 2013.  Interviewed for the New York Times, Adee explained the effects these contaminated stores have on generations of his bees feeding on them over an entire season.  “Soybean fields or canola fields or sunflower fields, they all have this systemic insecticide. If you have one shot of whiskey on Thanksgiving and one on the Fourth of July, it’s not going to make any difference. But if you have whiskey every night, 365 days a year, your liver’s gone. It’s the same thing” (Wines). 
Studies also suggest that neonics could be suppressing the immune systems of bees, making them susceptible to diseases and parasites, such as mites, that further undermine the health of colonies.  As Richard Sciffman writes in The Mystery of the Disappearing Bees: Solved!, one study conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health “actually re-created colony collapse disorder in several honeybee hives simply by administering small doses of a popular neonic, imidacloprid” (Schiffman).
Despite the fact that the European Union has already voted to ban the use of neonics on crops especially attractive to bees in member countries such as France and Germany, the job of proving that neonics are at least partially responsible for CCD in this country has been made extremely difficult by the economics of American agribusiness.  Bayer, Dow Chemical and Monsanto, three of the largest chemical manufacturers of imidacloprid and clothianidin, the pesticides linked most closely to CCD, spend millions of dollars annually lobbying Congress to protect their interests, while also applying pressure to the EPA and other government agencies and working to quash studies that link their products to the death of bees.  In 2012, for instance, Monsanto bought a research company, Beeologics, that was studying CCD and had been providing findings on the links between pesticides and colony collapse to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.  So much for independent research!
Neonicitinoids may be the largest single culprit in colony collapse disorder, but there is no doubt that habitat loss also plays a role in the demise of bees, just as vanishing habitat has led to shrinking numbers of native songbirds and other wildlife.  Since fully half the crop species in America are pollinated by honeybees, however, CCD is liable to have a much greater impact on us in the short term than the loss of bluebirds and butterflies.  It is conceivable that a large portion of our food supply could disappear, if CCD continues unabated. 
Can you imagine a summer vegetable garden with no
vegetables ripening in it?

This crisis has made me think seriously about steps I can take on my own to mitigate the problem, a process that begins with asking other gardeners to become aware of it, and includes stepping up implementation of my larger goal of building a completely sustainable garden.
Challenge yourself to tick off one (or all!) of these boxes as you make your garden friendlier to bees:

Stop using chemical herbicides and insecticides, especially systemic ones, that can render an entire plant harmful to bees, birds, and butterflies
            I remember from my days as a North Carolina Extension volunteer that when we answered the phone to consumers with plant problems we had to keep close at hand a digest of chemical pesticides, some of them quite toxic.  It was virtually required by the county agent, who lectured us severely if she heard that we’d been handing out advice based on organic methods and not what she called “research-based” recommendations for lethal sprays and powders.  Thank God times have changed!
            Nowadays there are many non-systemic, non-toxic brands of fungicide, barrier oils and insecticidal soap on the market, although you may have to use them more often to be effective when conditions favor pests and disease.  
            Of course, swearing off chemical controls entirely is more easily said than done.  Last summer I lost all my squash plants to vine borers, despite the fact that I somehow managed to attempt the nauseating remedy suggested in an organic gardening magazine of squeezing the vine to locate the worm’s lumpy mass inside it and then piercing that part of the vine with a needle.  Horrors!  Still, I can’t bring myself to dust all the vegetables with Sevin, so this summer I may have to resort to row covers for the zucchini, an alternative remedy which may be labor-intensive but is less like a vegetable-vampire flick.
 
Cut down on the size of your lawn, thereby cutting down on your use of chemicals
            Turf-grass is essentially a monoculture, and wherever you have a single species growing in a mass planting you have a ready-made laboratory for diseases and pests associated with that species.  That’s why, in our climate, a beautiful lawn usually represents year-round applications of manufactured herbicides, treated seed and fertilizers, not to mention hundreds of gallons of water poured on the grass when rain doesn’t fall (lawns typically need one inch of water per week in hot weather).  
            By converting even a portion of your turf to plantings of bee-friendly perennials, shrubs or trees you are supporting critical wildlife populations, reducing pollution, conserving water, and cutting back on the hours you might otherwise spend toiling to keep a large lawn looking unnaturally pristine.

Select plants more resistant to pests and diseases (and thus less in need of chemical controls) such as natives and highly adaptive plants
            I’ve gradually come to understand that the most effective way to garden organically is to avoid planting those things that are unsuitable for my particular gardening conditions.  To this end I started a garden journal over fifteen years ago and have so far recorded the performances of dozens of plants, weeding out the ones that attract Japanese beetles and aphids or succumb easily to fireblight, wilt, root rot or blackspot.  
            I also continue to read every book on southern gardening I can find, learning which plants are suited to the Piedmont’s climate and clay and which ones will never be trouble-free.  (The Traveler’s Joy* library has a fairly good collection.) 
            My slow process of self-education gains the most traction through conversations with experienced, home-grown gardeners, along with visits to historic gardens in the region to see what was grown before pesticides or synthetic fertilizers existed.  That’s how I learned about figs, for instance, seeing the knobby trees nestled against the southern walls of old manor homes and abandoned houses.  While the fig isn’t pest-free, it’s much easier to grow than peach, apple or apricot, and it’s reliably hardy in our zone (given that warm southern wall).
Fig growing on the south wall of
an abandoned house in Traveler's Joy*
             You may have noticed that I started this entry by talking about my apple tree – a fruit considered to be fairly high-maintenance in South Carolina.  So, what’s up with that?  I purchased the tree two years ago, after reading one of Anne Raver’s excellent gardening stories about a Canadian apple farmer named Michael Phillips who has spent the last twenty years perfecting organic controls for his orchard.  Despite the fact that it doesn’t get cold enough for long enough in Traveler’s Joy* to set many apples, I still thought it was worth the experiment if I could grow just a few of my husband’s favorite fruits (‘Arkansas Black’ is a late-ripening, dark, nutty jewel) while practicing bee-friendly pest control.  As Raver reports, instead of spraying with pesticides, Phillips coats his trees with neem oil several times a year.  He also plants comfrey within the tree’s dripline.  This herbaceous herb is calcium-rich and its flowers lure pollinating bees to the apple blossoms (Raver).
FK with 'Arkansas Black' apple in
2012 -- the one and only!
            Two seasons ago I found a comfrey plant at a farmer’s market and planted it at the base of my apple tree.   This May the plant is fully four feet high, with huge spreading leaves and charming, borage-like flowers of pale blue that do attract bees.  The tree continues to be healthy – knock on wood – despite a virulent case of fire blight unleashed in the garden last spring by excessive rain. The blight carried off a crabapple sapling and infested the two old apples and a pear tree in the adjoining meadow before it finally ran its course, but young 'Arkansas Black' was barely touched.  As if to underscore the obvious, however, my 'Celeste' fig produces armfuls of luscious fruits sweet enough to eat right off the tree, despite the fact that my rescue-dog Alice has gnawed off all the tree's lower limbs, while the much-fussed-over Malus domestica has yielded exactly one apple in three seasons!
Comfrey ( a perennial herb)
growing at the base of a young
apple tree

Grow plants that specifically attract bees by providing pollen or nectar (see list below)
            We’re lucky in the Carolinas to have an extremely long growing season, one which favors flowering summer perennials and annuals that are to a bee what a ‘meat-and-three’ is to a well-fed Southerner.  For the bees’ sake, extend the blooming season even more by growing late-autumn bloomers like Joe Pye weed and aster, and winter bloomers like rosemary and crocus.
            It’s best for the bees if you can manage large plantings of these favored species, but if you have limited space, just two or three specimens grouped together will still be appreciated.

BEE-LOVED PLANTS
Wild Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)

Black-eyed Susan (Coreopsis)
Germander
Bee balm (Monarda didyma)
Abelia
Crocus
Hollyhock
Wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
False indigo (Baptisia australis, alba)
Redbud
Foxglove
Coneflower (Echinacea)
Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium purpureum)
Sunflower
Rose-of-Sharon
Mint
Apple tree (Malus domestica)
Catmint (Nepeta faassenii)
Comfrey
Oregano
Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Rose, single-flower
Salvia
Blueberry
Verbena
Bees love roses -- but hold
the chemical sprays

Provide suitable nesting sites for bees
My neighbor L. is erecting a blue-bee nest-box in his yard a block away, and has promised to give me a box if I will be a ‘bee-buddy’ and put out the welcome mat for these pollinators.  Called ‘blue’ bees (and sometimes ‘orchard blue bees’) because of the bluish sheen on their small, fly-like bodies, Osmia lignaria differ from honeybees in that they don’t function in colonies nor do they live in hives, making honey.  Instead, they lay their eggs in holes made in trees by wood-boring insects, or in the hollow stems of reeds.        The fertilized female builds a series of connecting chambers in each hole, using mud for the “walls” and packing each chamber with pollen and nectar before laying an egg on the food supply and walling it in with mud.  This is why these native pollinators are also called ‘mason’ bees.
A mason/blue bee nesting box purchased ready-made often consists of a block of wood with holes drilled in the wood at regular intervals, resembling a cribbage board. Be sure to erect the box at least three feet off the ground (away from animals) where it will catch morning sunlight that warms and rouses sleepy bees.
Blue bees are especially fond of the pollen on fruit tree blossoms, but will forage on any flowering plant if apple and cherry trees are in short supply.  If you’re providing a nest box, go one step further and maintain a shallow mud puddle somewhere in your garden if you want to help the expectant females with their ‘masonry.’  
Study your garden with an eye towards making it more
'bee-friendly' and eliminating
those things certain to 'scare' bees away, like
systemic pesticides or treated lawns


WORKS CITED
Raver, Anne.  “Totally Green Apples.” New York Times.  16 November 2011.  Web.
Schiffman, Richard.  “Mystery of the Disappearing Bees: Solved!”  Reuters.  Thomson Reuters.  9 April 2012.  Web.
Wines, Michael.  “Mystery Malady Kills More Bees, Heightening Worry on Farms.”  New York Times. 28 March 2013. Web.

BERRY BONANZA


The spring break came and went so quickly it hardly seemed like a ‘break’ – more like a ‘breath,’ as in catching one’s own before hurtling through the final crazy weeks of spring semester.  With my husband and I teaching at different colleges, our days off rarely coincide, so this latest and much welcomed work-free week was mine to spend alone, tearing out the old strawberry patch and replanting it.
As a master gardener in another county some years ago I learned that most strawberry plants tucker out after three years.  In the case of my Traveler’s Joy garden, the plants had simply overfilled their quadrant in that length of time and were sending runners all over the rest of the vegetable garden.  The young plants were growing too closely together, as well, and this formerly orderly and productive bed was choked with Bermuda grass and thistle.  I estimated it would take me two full days to lift the plants, separate the old mother plants from the youngsters, hand-weed the bed, lay down new compost, and replant the third-year plants.  Either I grossly miscalculated the work involved, or I am aging more quickly than I reckoned (or, even more likely, both these conditions prevailed) because the work took me most of the week and taxed every muscle and joint in my body before I was finished.
I only persisted because of the formidable reward promised by such labor: there is nothing so delicious as homegrown strawberries picked and eaten directly from one’s own garden, unless it’s raspberries picked and eaten from one’s own garden, and I grow those as well.  As the first soft fruit to come ripe in a southern spring, however, May’s strawberries (confusingly called ‘Junebearers’) are the most eagerly anticipated.
Last year’s crop was spectacular, given the size of my patch, and I know to dampen my expectations with this renovated planting.  However, since the plants were settled in we have had good amounts of rain alternating with sunlit days of balmy temperatures, leading to a riot of blossom. It’s a good thing most strawberry types are self-fruiting, as bees have been scarce in my garden so far this spring (more on that in a later entry). I lost the labels on these when I moved the first plants from another garden several years ago, but I think they may be Earliglow as well as another Carolina-recommended variety, possibly Delmarvel, since both types bear early.

Early harvest from last year's patch

Having completed final exams at her law school in North Carolina, our daughter delighted us with a brief visit, bringing along her fiancé and his mother so we could all talk wedding plans and get to know each other even better than we do.  Since I have had strawberries on my mind but none are yet ripening in my garden, I broke down and bought a pound of Florida-grown fruit in order to make a strawberry cake.  The flavor on these berries was unusually good for store-bought; nevertheless, I did my best to enhance them by sprinkling the hulled and sliced berries lightly with sugar and letting them macerate in their own juices at room temperature for a couple of hours before cooking them in the cake. 
I clipped this recipe out of a Martha Stewart magazine or article years ago and have tweaked it to suit.  While it is the soul of simplicity, it manages to elevate a mere occasion to a celebration when served with heaps of real whipped cream and strong coffee.

STRAWBERRY CAKE
6 tablespoons butter
1 ½  cups all-purpose flour
1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
½ teaspoon salt
1 cup sugar
1 large egg
½ cup milk
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 pound ripe, fresh strawberries

Directions:
Hull and halve berries.  Place in bowl, sprinkle lightly with about ½ teaspoon sugar, cover with plastic wrap and allow to stand at room temperature for 1 hour or more.

Preheat oven to 350 degrees.  Coat a pie plate with non-stick cooking spray.

In a medium bowl, sift together flour, baking powder and salt.  Set aside.

In a food processor (or mixer), mix butter and sugar until pale and fluffy.  Reduce speed and mix in egg, milk and vanilla extract.

Gradually mix in flour mixture.  Transfer batter to greased pie plate and distribute evenly over bottom of plate.

Arrange strawberries cut side down atop batter in pan, placing them as close together as possible.  Sprinkle very lightly with additional sugar, if desired.

Bake cake 10 minutes.  Reduce temperature to 325 degrees.  Bake until cake is golden and firm to the touch – about 50 minutes to 1 hour.  Let cool in pie plate on wire rack.  Cut into wedges and serve warm with whipped cream or vanilla ice cream.

(May be stored at room temperature, wrapped, for up to two days… but it won’t last that long!) 

Strawberry cake